Small Packages free essay sample

During the 1920s, my extraordinary granddad emigrated from Italy and began one of the principal accordion organizations in America. The custom has now been passed to my granddad. In any case, for me, the convention has a turn. It begins with a thump on the front entryway, a mark, and meâ€an eager little girl†standing by to see what’s inside. The note joined says, â€Å"Wait until room temperature. Collect upper and center joint so they line up in the center. Append ringer, barrel, and mouthpiece. Put reed on mouthpiece and secure with ligature. Have fun!† Obviously, a young lady does not understand what a â€Å"barrel† or â€Å"ligature† is. Be that as it may, with assistance from mother and father, the house was a long way from calm. Making sense of how to function this melodic contraption was troublesomeat times I needed to give upâ€being an anxious fifth grader didn't support the reason, either. Making sounds, perusing the notes, and covering the openings accompanied time. We will compose a custom article test on Little Packages or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page What's more, I went through hours attempting to make the thing sound goodâ€and it paid off. Here and there my granddad will haphazardly send me letters with odd accordion backups or the most recent performers digest. I never comprehend what expect when theres mail from grandpa. However, I do realize that I am appreciative for his difficult work and commitment to the privately-owned company. He is still workingâ€even however he is 75-years of age and retirement is past late. However, he hasnt quit, in light of the fact that he adores what he does. Also, at some point, I wish to be much the same as my grandpa, sending the following large thump to my grandchild’s entryway. In spite of the fact that I havent got a bundle very like the main, each note reminds me why I keep on including myself in music. Each day of the weekâ€yes, each dayâ€I practice, educate, or practice. Music empowered me to make a trip to Europe for five weeks and remain with have families from numer ous nations, go to Interlochen Arts Camp, and win in a concerto rivalry. What's more, some way or another I have adjusted my chaotic life so I can appreciate the things I love.

Sheffield theatres trust case

Sheffield theaters trust case Part 2: IDENTIFY THE MAIN PROBLEM(S) OR QUESTION(S)2.1 Summary of Sheffield Theaters Trust caseThis case reveals to us the historical backdrop of two theaters, in particular the Crucible and the Lyceum theater, from the year 1971 till 2001. The issues that happened during advancement and furthermore change of the earth will be talked about. There will be an emphasis on the subsidizing part and the interests of the partners, which can be identified with defining an appropriate technique for the Sheffield Theaters Trust.The Sheffield Theaters Trust is a blend of two theaters, which have their own convention. The main custom referenced is delivering top notch theater in the Crucible and the subsequent convention is the presence of a solid history of visiting theater in the Lyceum theater. Setting up great imaginative work, filling adequate seats and working without shortfalls are points, which had been a test for the last ten years.English: The Lyceum Theater (focus, Crucible Thea...The Lyceum theater opened its entryways in 1897. In 1968 it shut its entryways for creations because of absence of ventures and current civilities. The Sheffield committee needed to support another performance center in 1966, so a leading group of trustees was chosen; therefore in 1971 the new theater Crucible(reflecting structure of the structure, and history of Sheffield's steel industry) opened its entryways for the guests (the expenses were 4000). This venue comprises of two phases, one that has 980 seats and a littler (Studio Theater), which has 250 seats (expanded up to 400 these days). This venue is arranged close to the Lyceum theater. Exceptional about this new venue is the scope of exercises other than the creations. Their guideline was the more individuals who could be tempted through the entryways for whatever reason, the more grounded the auditorium going network would be . In 1987 the Sheffield Council chose...

Java Testing Software - Free Essay Example

Testing Issues in Java Technology INTRODUCTION: Software testing is the method of examining software, to confirm that it satisfy its necessities and to identify errors. Software testing is an experimental examination which is conducted to afford stakeholders with information about the quality of the product or service under test, with respect to the context in which it is intended to operate. Testing can never entirely establish the exactness of computer software. As an alternative, it provides an analysis or a relationship that compares with the state or behavior of the product against a specification. Over its survival, computer software has sustained to grow in convolution and dimension. Testing in the world of Java technology proposes many distinctive and dissimilar challenges. Todays Java engineers are not only faced with multiple platforms, but also the scalability issues like limited memory, nonstandard input, network traffic considerations which are encountered with an increasing array of Java technology-based computational devices—from Java Rings, to telephones, to set-top boxes. Because of dealing with many different platforms, and many different types of devices the tests are written in the Java programming language. An automatic software testing is a software function which is used to authenticate that a particular unit of source codes is running as expected. Software testing can be written as: †¢ Unit Tests; â₠¬ ¢ Integration Tests; or †¢ Acceptance Tests. The report also gives an overview of the role of these technologies in Java testing. (ece.cmu.edu) Integration Testing: Integration tests is used to test integration of several classes as against to testing classes in isolation. Mainly in J2EE environments like Web or EJB container gives a more important functionality, hence integration testing has to be conducted in a container. This would test interaction across different application tiers like access to database, EJBs and also other resources. Integration test is occasionally done by Programmers but not as frequently as unit test. Acceptance Tests: Acceptance Test is explained as the group of tests which guarantee the contract between the application API and end user. These tests are done for the completed and deployed application. It is used to check each use-case in which the application is supported. It provides less test coverage and it is main in testing i ntegration of application tiers such as containers and web servers. These tests are done by Quality Assurance testers and not by developers as test operates on external Application Programming Interfaces. Unit Tests Checking of the Developed Project, Programmers write unit tests to verify their own code. Unit testing vary from integration testing, which works well together, and acceptance testing, works according to the customers requirements. Unit testing is the testing mechanism which is used to test a single unit of code. In the case of Java, a unit testing that frequently connects to a distinct class. A unit test is fully automatic, non interactive, and dual ie, it moreover succeeds or be unsuccessful. By executing the code and verifying the output is not a testing. Neither instead of writing a small â€Å"test driver† that neither drives the code nor allows checking logs to see if its working correctly. Unit testing is the code which is written, as a good thing sin ce it leads to higher-quality code, higher productivity, and lower maintenance with good evolution costs. The following report will analyze various Unit Testing technologies like JUnit, TestNG and JTiger. (devx.com) JUnit: JUnit is a unit testing method which is simple and open source frame work for regression testing released by IBM under common license version 5.0 and to write and run repeatable tests on the Java programming language it was hosted on the source forge.Junit is a instance of Xunit architecture which was used for unit testing framework , XUnit was developed by Erich Gamma and Kent Beck. Knowledge and Experience gained with JUnit is very use full in developing test driven application development, and due to this knowledge of JUnit is in use in test driven development. JUnit is also ported to other programming languages like PHP, C#,python, Fortran, Perl,and C++. It is used as PHPUnit in PHP, Nunit in C#, PyUnit in Python , fUnit in Fortran , Test::Class and Test ::Unitin Perl and CPPUnit in C++ . All this unit testing frameworks family is collectively reffered as XUnit. Now recently due to the development of new client frameworks like AJAX, Junit has also been developed for use in java script as JSUnit.Junit improves the quality of code and increases the speed of programming. (en.Wikipedia.org) Junit Features include: API for Easily creating Java test Cases Assertions for testing expected results verify expected versus actual result Test fixtures to share test data commonly Test runners to run tests For forums and mailing lists. Aggregating tests (suites) Junit Mechanics: Define a subclass of TestCase. Override the setUp() tearDown()methods. Define one or more public testXXX()methods Exercise the object(s) under test. Asserts the expected results. Define a static suite() factory method Create a TestSuite containing all the tests. Optionally define main() to run the TestCase in batch mode. JUnit Extensions: JUnitReport -Apache Ant extension task -Uses XML and XSLT to generate HTML Cactus -Simple unit testing framework for server side Java coding JWebUnit -Framework for creating acceptance testing for web based applications XMLUnit Provides an XMLTestCase class which enables assertions to be made about the Content and structure of XML MockObject double agent used to test the behavior of other objects Dummy object which mimics the external behavior of a true implementation observes how other objects interact with its methods and compares actual behavior with preset expectations StrutsTestCase testing code based on the Struts framework (javapassion.com) TestNG: TestNG is an annotation-driven Java unit testing framework inspired by JUnit and NUnit which aims to overcome many limitations of JUnit. TestNG isnt just really powerful, innovative, extensible, and flexible; it also illustrates an interesting application of Java Annotations, a great new feature in JDK 5.0. TestNG is designed in such away that it covers all categories in testing like:   unit, functional, end-to-end, integration, etc(testng.org) TestNG Features include: Annotations; no mandatory naming patterns for test methods or extending classes Also Supports Java doc annotations for Java 1.4 Powerful test-fixture set-up and tear-down options JDK 5 Annotations JDK 1.4 also supports JavaDoc annotations. Test configuration is flexible. Data driven testing support using @Data Provider. Parameters support. Distribution of tests in slave systems is allowed. Execution model is much Powerful no need of Test Suite. It is supported many plug-ins and variety of tools like Eclipse, Maven, IDEA, etc. By Embedding with Bean Shell improves flexibility. JDK functions are available by default for logging and runtime. Methods for testing of application server. TestNG Mechanics: Write the business logic of the test and insert TestNG annotations in the code. Adds informations about the test in testng.xml file or in a build.xml (eg. class name etc). Execute TestNG. JTiger: JTiger is a framework for unit testing and has tools for Java 2 Platform. It gives useful abstraction for writing unit test cases and fixtures. Functionalities provided by JTiger is most desired in unit testing of softwares. Generally Test-Driven Development is encouraged by JTiger development, though it is not mandatory, and any unit testing technique in software development is sufficient. Many features of Java Programming Language 1.5 is heavily used by JTiger like Generics, variable argument lists, annotations, etc,. JTiger also encourages users to do documentation of unit test cases and fixtures to give a robust and easy maintain regression harness and unit test. Published and documented API is provided by JTiger frame work if there is a need for extending the functionality. The ability to run the test cases written by using JUint framework is a good example of extending JTiger framework. As a part of JTiger framework JUnit plugin implementation classes are included. (en.Wikipedia.org) JTiger Features include: JTiger makes every effort to ensure a robust unit test harness by providing a rich set of tools, and a reliable, usable framework on which to develop unit test cases. JTiger is an implementation that is based on improvements in software development methodologies, such as eXtreme Programming (XP), which have matured since their inception. JTiger has been implemented using the same techniques that it encourages, specifically, Test Driven Development. JTiger includes its own unit test and regression harness with 100% method coverage. This aids in new or modified requirements for JTiger that arise in the unforeseen future. The JTiger source code base has been designed to ensure the absolute maximum possible amount of decoupling of components and encapsulation such that future enhancements will not have a negative impact on future versions on JTiger. (userdoc.com) JTiger System Requirements: JTiger requires that tests are executed using a Java Virtual Machine version 1.5 or higher. This does not mean that the code under test must be written using Java 1.5 language features. The software under test may target any JVM version such as 1.2, 1.3 or 1.4. It is merely the test run that must execute under a JVM version 1.5. JTiger is capable of executing test cases that have been written using the JUnit test framework. JTiger Extensions: JTiger future development is being investigated. Some of the features and topics that are under review include the development of a swing GUI interface from which to execute unit test cases, the development of IDE (Integrated Development Environment) plugins for Eclipse, and Intellij IDEA, and the possibility of a mock objects package that mocks J2SE and J2EE core classes. (userdoc.com) Testing Of Java Language Recommended By Other Companies: Microsoft Java Virtual Machine Support: To be familiar with the need is to afford a smooth evolution for present users of the Mi crosoft ® Java Virtual Machine (MSJVM), Sun Microsystems and Microsoft have agreed to widen Microsofts license to use Suns Java source code along with their compatibility test cases and the test suites. (microsoft.com) Open Quality Program to Improve the Quality of Java Software: Agitar: This Software has declared a new multi-vendor scheme committed to take very careful attention on the testing side to improve the efficiency and the quality of java software packages. Based on the Open Quality Program, Agitar software has published a wide range of unit level testing metrics in its own products, It has even including a formal weekly build results on its future unannounced new products and the new trends over time. The Agitar software has also published these software testing metrics for many popular open source software Java projects, which including JUnit, Hibernate, Cruise Control, Struts, spring, and even lot of other commercial products which is based on the open source s uch as the Oracles BerkeleyDB Java edition and JasperSofts JasperServer. (qthreads.com) Recent Testing News on upcoming Java products: Java Graphical User Interface Testing Tool Known as Squish is Supporting the New Eclipse Ganymede version 3.4 Five weeks Two days ago(2008-07-08) Germany BasedHamburg( froglogic GmbH )has announced today , to give support for automated the testing of new Java Rich Client Platform the RCP applications which is based on the new Eclipse version 3.4 release code that is named as Ganymede. The Squish GUI for Java is a leading functional Graphical User Interface and also regression testing tool which is enabling the execution, creation and Modification of automated Graphical User Interface tests for Java programming on AWT/Swing and SWT/RCP applications. The Squish GUI, and all the other all tests created with this, are completely made as cross-platform software and work on almost all the top leading operating systems like the Windows Operating Systems, Linux Operating Systems, Unix Operating Systems, and Mac Operating Systems X and even also on the embedded Linux. The support for testing Eclipse Version 3.4 the latest one, RCP Software applications has been completed and it is also available wi th the just newly released GUI Squish version 3.4. The availability of the third party tools, like the Graphical User Interface testing tools, is very important for the open source Eclipse community to increase it demand. The resent glad news is to see froglogic has very quickly adopting the new Eclipse version releases with its Testing GUI Squish tool, said Mr. Mike Milinkovich, Who is the Executive Director of the Company Eclipse Foundation. The new Ganymede version release is said to be another very important and great release of the Company Eclipse community which has make it even more easy, attractive and flexible for the application developers who uses it. The Quickly integrated support for testing tools on Eclipse software version 3.4 applications with the new GUI Squish tool has been a new and great logical step for the company, said Mr. Harri Porten, platform chief of froglogics company. Squish software offers a multipurpose testing based framework for Graphical User Interf ace (GUI) applications with a base choice of the popular test scripting languages like Perl , Python, Tcl, TSL and JavaScript, VBScript extended by the new test specific functions scripts, lot of new open interfaces, many add-ons, with integrations to the test management tools, a new powerful Integrated Development Environment (IDE) aiding the selecting, creation and finally debugging of the tests and a collection of command line testing tools and the test management integrations facilitating the fully automated test runs on the applications. Contact email: [email  protected]/* */ or visit the URL: www.froglogic.com/squish to get an evaluation pack or to purchase the GUI Squish for the java Application or to know more about the product. Squish GUI tool also supports automated testing of java applications based on GUI technologies like as Trolltechs Qt, Swing-AWT, and Qtopia, also supports Web technologies DOM, HTML, AJAX, DHTML Mac OS X Carbon/Cocoa , JavaScript and other technol ogies also. (embedded-computing.com) JAVA‘S ENCOURAGEMENT IN TESTING: Todays software manufacturers face a variety of challenges when creating products to meet the increasing demand for software that takes advantage of Java technology. The growing complexity and diversity of softwares—with their varying operating systems, processors, and memory configurations—increases the need for thorough testing to ensure customers will be satisfied. At the same time, service providers and manufacturers face the challenge of managing—and, if possible, lowering—internal costs caused by excessive engineering overhead, disorganized development of test cases, or the impact of new data services on support operations. The Java software Test Suite simplifies quality assurance and reduces time-to-market for Java implementations by providing comprehensive tests and a robust test manager. These enable suite users to evaluate, validate, and verify the quality of imple mentations on particular software. The Java Test Suite that helps the software manufacturers ensures their reputation for quality, while building customer satisfaction and loyalty. It helps lower engineering costs by standardizing and simplifying testing, and by minimizing the need to write quality assurance tests manually. Java is free and open. So java Testing is an important part of software development because of Open Source Testing Tools which are available in Java for an Effective testing key factor which reduces the total cost of maintenance of any application over its lifetime. Because of the reduced cost and time of development; this can increase savings on quality assurance and of course on sustaining. Without knowing when to invest in better design, in post development quality assurance, in manual tests or in automatic testing forms a basic difference between successful and unsuccessful software projects in these tough and competitive days. (newsgroups.derkeiler.com) S uns Recommendation for testing Java: Testing Java in an Object-Oriented Way To apply eXVantage (a tool suite for code coverage testing, debugging, performance profiling, etc.) to a large, complex Java application at the implementation and unit testing phases in Avaya. Two open source-based tools that can help to generate workloads for the enterprise application: SLAMD Distributed Load Generation Engine and Sun Java Studio Enterprise software. Container-Free Testing With Mockrunner Fitnesse Testing for Fast-Paced Agile Web Development JUnit Reloaded Using In-Process Testing Metrics to Estimate Software Reliability ECLIPSE IN JAVA SOFTWARE TESTING: Eclipse is a very widely used Open Source Integrated Development Environment (IDE), particularly for Java- and Web-based applications. Its very widely extensible with the use of scores of plugins available to help in developing these applications, so here I would like to discuss some of the plugins available for software testing. Eclipse TPTP (an evolution of Eclipses prior Hyades project) is an Open Source collaborative project that seeks to provide a common platform upon which specialized, differentiated, and interoperable offerings for software test and performance tools are created. TPTP, which stands for Test and Performance Tools Platform, supplies extensible frameworks and services for test and performance tools that are used throughout the application lifecycle, from development through production. It also delivers extensible exemplary tools that verify the utility of, illustrate the appropriate use of, and support the development and ma intenance of the platform itself. (freshmeat.net) TPTP This provides a reference implementation of the recent UML2 Testing Profile based upon the Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF). For logging and tracing, TPTP employs the Common-Base-Event (CBE) Format, which defines the structure of events in a unifying format. Data pools are a concept which appears to be innovative for testing in Eclipse. A datapool contains data usable during a test run. Data pools are stored in a comma-separated file and can be displayed as an Excel-alike data sheet. Test cases can load datapools in the setUp() method and use the dedicated iterations to retrieve cell values for evaluation purposes. Separating test data from the tests themselves appears to be new functionality. Test Deployment requires the allocation of test artifacts to test locations. These locations can also be workbench locations. Through the concept of service abstraction, the Automatable services framework introduces a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) concept to TPTP. The framework introdu ces a layered architecture in which a client at a lower layer employs a model adapter to employ a service provided at a higher layer. Automation Client Adapters allow normal Java programs to consume Eclipse services. These adapters can launch a headless Eclipse from a specified Eclipse home, and are available through the tptp-automation-client jar. Various properties are made available through this API (e.g., the project property specifying a specific project in the workspace of the Eclipse instance). (freshmeat.net) Solex Web Application Testing with Eclipse Solex is a free open source Web application testing tool built as a plug-in for the Eclipse IDE. It provides functions to record a client session adjust it according to various parameters and replay it later typically in order to ensure non regression of the applications behaviour (with stress testing capabilities being added at a later stage). By recording, we mean that Solex acts as an HTTP proxy and records all HTTP requests and responses going through the wire between a Web client (eg. a Web browser) and a Web server. The task of replaying a scenario consists in sending the previously recorded and eventually customized HTTP requests to the server and asserting each response. Solex 0.5.0 works with Eclipse Release 2.1.2, Build id: 200311030802 and Solex 0.5.3 works with Eclipse Release 3.1.1, Build id: M20050929-0840. (Solex.com) Unit testing Checking of the Developed Project, Programmers write unit tests to verify their own code. Unit testing vary from integration testing, which works well together, and acceptance testing, works according to the customers requirements. Unit testing is the testing mechanism which is used to test a single unit of code. In the case of Java, a unit testing that frequently connects to a distinct class. A unit test is fully automatic, non interactive, and dual ie, it moreover succeeds or be unsuccessful. By executing the code and verifying the output is not a testing. Neither instead of writing a small â€Å"test driver† that neither drives the code nor allows checking logs to see if its working correctly. Unit testing is the code which is written, as a good thing since it leads to higher-quality code, higher productivity, and lower maintenance with good evolution costs. (devx.com) Unit Testing in Eclipse Using JUnit Unit Testing in Eclipse 3.1 move towards through the JUnit mechanism which was constructed in the Workplace. Eclipse permits a quick creation of test case class and also to provide a testing suite class to write the testing codes in. By means of Eclipse, we use a Test Driven Development (TDD) which suit for a very simple mechanism to systematize and implement. The class which we wanted to test is created at 1st and so that the Eclipse finds a class that is underneath test and construct the test case class. The test cases are constructed with the desired trade in and expansion for JUnit to Execute. The test case classes are constructed with the real test case and then it is coded in through the programmer. The formation of test suite in Eclipse is still simpler. By designing a test suite, Eclipse will specify a name for specifying all of the test cases in the scope of the project. The code is to Execute test suites and to add test cases in the created software is added to the test s uites. (open.ncsu.edu) JUnit Naming Convention: Testing Cases and Classes: Named with [classnames]First.java, hear classname is being tested for the classnames. Testing Cases with Test Methods: Name test [methodnames], where methodnames are the method name to test. Applying Test Suites: Eclipse which has a default name as First.java It is a well known thought-out for a good performance in testing, and to split the test case code from the application code. It is also a good idea which is to separate the JUnit and FIT tests as well. (open.ncsu.edu) EMPIRICAL i.e. STATISTICS AND NON-EMPIRIC TESTING: Empirical testing: Similar to theoretical tests, there is one more test called empirical test; which is being done by computers. As per the computer point of view ‘empirical means ‘experiments with certain PRNG. The generator itself is treated as black box; only the sequence of PRNs is generated and is taken for evaluating the test statistic. In order to find the empirical test, one has to implement the PRNG and the test statistic. The limitations of empirical testing are commonly proposed by the amount of time and memory needed due to the complexity of the computations. (random.mat.sbg.ac.at) Non-empirical testing: Non-empirical testing deals with non-parametric statistical models and non-p arametric inference, including non-parametric statistical tests. Nonparametric methods which are often referred as distribution free methods, since they do not rely on assumptions in which the data are drawn from a given probability distribution. Non-parametric statistic can be explained as a statistic (a function on a sample) whose interpretation does not depend on the population fitting any parameterized distributions. The example for one such statistic is order statistics; which plays a vital role in many non-parametric approaches. (en.wikipedia.org) Applications and purpose: For studying populations that has been taken on a ranked order (such as movie reviews receiving one to four stars) is called Non-parametric methods. The uses of non-parametric methods may be necessary, when the data has a ranking but no clear numerical interpretation, such as when assessing the preferences. Usually non-parametric methods make fewer assumptions; other than the parametric methods, depend s upon their applicability. In particular, they may be applied in situations where less is known about the application in question. Non-parametric methods are more robust due to the reliance on fewer assumptions and simplicity. Non-parametric methods may be easier to use in certain cases, when the use of parametric methods is justified. As per some statisticians, non-parametric methods are not useful because of their simplicity and greater robustness leading to leave less room for improper use and misunderstanding. (en.wikipedia.org) Recommendations: Example of a JAVA Based Application: The Table below represents an example security standard for a Java application; and mentions the type of software testing used in each controls. These Kind of security standard in applications will define how exactly the application security functionalities will behave. TYPE Questions Unit Integration Acceptance Input Validation Whether all the user inputs are proper in length and data type? X X X Authorization of Application Whether the application properly controls the accessing privileges? X X Storage Whether authentication privileges are stored securely? X Manipulation Whether application enforces its access controls? X X Special Characters Whether special characters are handled securely? X X X Error Messages Whether error message generic? X X Legacy data Whether data are removed? X It is clear that the Above Types can be tested more on using functional than, integration testing techniques. Lesser security functionality is tested by Unit tests, as lot of security functionality are provided in other modules like, web server and web container. The following sections will provide more details on performing security based tests in unit test, integration test and acceptance test: Testing in Unit Tests: Testing of classes and methods individually provides a best approach to functionality testing of codes. A unit test has to be performed on classes and methods individually without a any dependency on the other methods and classes. This issue gives limitation to the types of security tests which has to be performed, Hence this is going to test is going to be executed in very early stage of the development process. Testing Independently: Unit tests should only depends on the single independent class and it should not depend on Composition class or any base classes Testing Vulnerability: The number of security Types that are been verified by using the unit tests depends mainly on the security services implemented in that application. Input Validation Testing Example: Validating the user Phone Number sample code using java and JUnit framework public class AccountValidation extends TestCase { private AccountDetail accd = null; private Exception errors = null; public AccountValidation (String nametest) { super(nametest); } public static Test suite() { TestSuite tsuite = new TestSuite(AccountValidation.class); return tsuite; } public void setUpACC() { accd = new AccountDetail (); validator = new AccountValidator(); errors = new Exception(acc, Account); } public void ValidPhoneNumbers() { //Test On valid input String num = 3333232321; accd.setPhone(number); validatord.validated(acc, errors); assertFalse(num+ validation error., error.hasFieldError(phone)); } When security functionality are tested it is becomes most important that all the inputs data accepted are validated, and also that rejecting and handling the invalid data. And also testing the boundary exception and unexpected conditions exception is important for the security tests Discu ssion: Though security tests are implemented at the Unit level it is advisable to perform the same test at the integration and acceptance level as the tests are executed the early stages of development cycle. And many security issues in web application are not visible at single class level. Testing in Integration Tests Integration test is used to test the functionalities of collaborating classes including functionalities given by application servers. It is done by Mock objects or running test within container. There is major benefit in container testing as it test the security services provided within the container like encryption access control. More security controls can be tested in integration testing than unit testing. Testing Strategies: In general there are two ways of achieving integration test; one is by using mock objects to give mock implementation of application server Application Programming Interface and other one is by incontainer test. Specific tools f or specific containers are required for incontainer testing. Apache Cactus and TESTARE are popular choices for J2EE. Apache Cactus: Apache Cactus is a major testing tool for in-container testing of Java applications. It supports for add-ons for Ant, Eclipse, Maven and Jetty. The main disadvantage is that the container has to be started and stopped for running the test. This will take more time for running large J2EE containers. Managed Access Control Testing Examples: Verify the user access privilege sample code using java and Integrated Tests public class TestPrivControl extends TestCase { public TestPrivControl(String theName) { super(theName); } public static Test suite() { return new TestSuite(TestPrivControl.class); } public void beginAdminPrivControl(Request theRequest) { theRequest.setAuthentication(new BasicAuthentication(admin, admin)); } public void testAdminPrivControl() throws IOException, Exception { AdminServletRp admin = new AdminServletRp(); admin.doGet(request, response); } public void endAdminPrivControl(Response tResponse) throws IOException { int position = tResponse.getText().indexOf(Welcome administrator); assertTrue(Administrator can view admin, position); assertTrue(false, false); } public void testUnauthenticatedPrivControl() throws IOException, Exception { AdminServletRp admin = new AdminServletRp(); admin.doGet(request, response); } public void endUnauthenticatedPrivControl(Response tResponse) throws IOException { assertTrue(users must not be able to access admin, tResponse.getStatusCode() == 401); } public void beginUnprivilegedUserPrivControl(Request theRequest) { theRequest.setAuthentication(new BasicAuthentication(user, password)); } public void testUnprivilegedUserPrivControl() throws IOException, Exception { AdminServletRp admin = new AdminServletRp(); admin.doGet(request, response); } public void endUnprivilegedUserPrivControl(Response tResponse) throws IOException { assertTrue(Normal users must not be able to access admin, } } Discussion: Security vulnerabilities are more in integration layer and security features in the application are exposed and can be tested. Some security test performed in integration layer includes Access Control test, Authentication bypass test. Incontainer testing is most efficient form of integration testing as testing is done on application server. Testing in Acceptance Tests Acceptance testing i s an automated form of Quality Assurance testing and it is performed in the whole application, this makes testing of all security functions in applications. There is no wide test coverage like integrating testing or unit testing. This is more suitable for QA testers than programmers. Testing tools: There are many testing tools available; for Java based testing tools mainly uses HTTP functions given by J2SE API to handle the test. The popular tools like jWebUnit , HtmlUnit are used for testing. HTML injection Testing with jWebUnit: sample code using html injection public class SearchFieldTestXX extends WebTestCase { public SearchFieldTestXX(String name) { super(name); } public void setUp() throws Exception { getTestContext().settoBaseUrl(https://localhost:8080/data/); } public void htmlInjectionmethod() throws Exception { beginAt(/home.html,/index.html); assertLinkPresentWithTextin(Enter the Store data); clickLinkWithTextin(Enter the Store Data); CONCLUSION: The use of Testing in java technologies will increase in the coming years and all the latest Testing technologies that can be implemented in Java across the world. Javas use in timetabling system has shown that it is a useful tool for teaching software engineering concepts. The Java plugin for Eclipse should allow students to begin using Java more easily. It displays the results found by Java within Eclipse and allows students to quickly jump to the relevant location in the source code where each problem is found. Any tools, like Java, that can help te ach students the importance of creating secure and reliable software should be a strong component of any software engineering. REFERENCES: https://www.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/des_s99/sw_testing.html (online) [Accessed on 04th August 2008] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JUnit (Online) [Accessed on 04th August 2008]. JUnit Testing Framework https://www.javapassion.com/javase/javajunit.pdf (Online) [Accessed on 04th August 2008]. https://testng.org/doc/documentation-main.html (online) [Accessed on 08th August 2008]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTiger (Online) [Accessed on 04th August 2008]. https://www.userdoc.html (Online) [Accessed on 04th August 2008]. https://newsgroups.derkeiler.com/Archive/Comp/comp.lang.java.advocacy/2008-02/msg00010.html (Online) [Accessed on 05th August 2008]. https://www.Solex Web Application Testing with Eclipse.htm (Online) [Accessed on 05th August 2008]. https://open.ncsu.edu/se/tutorials/junit/ (Online) [Accessed on 05th Augus t 2008]. https://www.devx.com/Java/Article/9305 [Accessed on 06th August 2008]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-parametric_statistics [Accessed on 06th August 2008]. https://random.mat.sbg.ac.at/~ste/dipl/node20.html [Accessed on 06th August 2008] https://freshmeat.net/articles/view/3066/ [Accessed on 06th August 2008] https://www.microsoft.com/mscorp/java/default.mspx [Accessed on 12th August 2008] https://www.qthreads.com/news/latest/new_open_quality_initiative_to_improve_java_software_quality.html [Accessed on 12th August 2008] https://www.embedded-computing.com/news/db/?12402 [Accessed on 12th August 2008] Guoqing Xu Ohio Regression Test Selection for AspectJ Software State University Atanas Rountev Ohio State University IEEE 29th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE07) 0-7695-2828-7/07 $20.00 2007 Mary Jean Harrold , James Regression Test Selection for Java SoftwareA. Jones Proc. of the ACM Conf. on OO Programming, Systems, Languag es, and Applications (OOPSLA01), ACM Copyright.

Battle of Pea Ridge in the Civil War

The Battle of Pea Ridge was fought March 7 to 8, 1862, and was an early engagement of the American Civil War (1861 to 1865). Armies Commanders Union Brigadier General Samuel R. Curtis10,500 men Confederate Major General Earl Van Dorn16,000 men Background In the wake of the disaster at Wilsons Creek in August 1861, Union forces in Missouri were reorganized into the Army of the Southwest. Numbering around 10,500, this command was given to Brigadier General Samuel R. Curtis with orders to push the Confederates out of the state. Despite their victory, the Confederates also altered their command structure as Major General Sterling Price and Brigadier General Benjamin McCulloch had shown an unwillingness to cooperate. To keep the peace, Major General Earl Van Dorn was given command of the Military District of the Trans-Mississippi and oversight of the Army of the West. Pressing south into northwest Arkansas in early 1862, Curtis established his army in a strong position facing south along Little Sugar Creek. Expecting a Confederate attack from that direction, his men began emplacing artillery and fortifying their position. Moving north with 16,000 men, Van Dorn hoped to destroy Curtis force and open the way to capture St. Louis. Eager to destroy outlying Union garrisons near Curtis base at Little Sugar Creek, Van Dorn led his men on a three-day forced march through severe winter weather. Moving to Attack Reaching Bentonville, they failed to capture a Union force under Brigadier General Franz Sigel on March 6. Though his men were exhausted and he had outrun his supply train, Van Dorn began formulating an ambitious plan to assault Curtis army. Dividing his army in two, Van Dorn intended to march north of the Union position and strike Curtis from the rear on March 7. Van Dorn planned to lead one column east along a road known as the Bentonville Detour which ran along the north edge of Pea Ridge. After clearing the ridge they would turn south along the Telegraph Road and occupy the area around Elkhorn Tavern. McCullochs Defeat The other column, led by McCulloch, was to skirt the western edge of Pea Ridge then turn east to join with Van Dorn and Price at the tavern. Reunited, the combined Confederate force would attack south to strike at the rear of the Union lines along Little Sugar Creek. While Curtis did not anticipate this type of envelopment, he did take the precaution of having trees felled across the Bentonville Detour. Delays slowed both Confederate columns and by dawn, Union scouts had detected both threats. Though still believing that Van Dorns main body was to the south, Curtis began shifting troops to block the threats. Due to the delays, Van Dorn issued instructions for McCulloch to reach Elkhorn by taking the Ford Road from Twelve Corner Church. As McCullochs men marched along the road, they encountered Union troops near the village of Leetown. Dispatched by Curtis, this was a mixed infantry-cavalry force led by Colonel Peter J. Osterhaus. Though badly outnumbered, the Union troops immediately attacked around 11:30 AM. Wheeling his men south, McCulloch counterattacked and pushed Osterhaus men back through a belt of timber. Reconnoitering the enemy lines, McCulloch encountered a group of Union skirmishers and was killed. As confusion began to reign in the Confederate lines, McCullochs second-in-command, Brigadier General James McIntosh, led a charge forward and was also killed. Unaware that he was now the senior officer on the field, Colonel Louis HÃ ©bert attacked the Confederate left, while the regiments on the right remained in place awaiting orders. This assault was halted by the timely arrival of a Union division under Colonel Jefferson C. Davis. Though outnumbered, they turned the tables on the Southerners and captured HÃ ©bert later in the afternoon. With confusion in the ranks, Brigadier General Albert Pike assumed command around 3:00 (shortly before HÃ ©berts capture) and led those troops near him in a retreat north. Several hours later, with Colonel Elkanah Greer in command, many of these troops joined the rest of the army at Cross Timber Hollow near Elkhorn Tavern. On the other side of the battlefield, fighting began around 9:30 when the lead elements of Van Dorns column encountered Union infantry in Cross Timber Hollow. Sent north by Curtis, Colonel Grenville Dodges brigade of Colonel Eugene Carrs 4th Division soon moved into a blocking position. Van Dorn Held Rather than pressing forward and overwhelming Dodges small command, Van Dorn and Price paused to fully deploy their troops. Over the next several hours, Dodge was able to hold his position and was reinforced at 12:30 by Colonel William Vandevers brigade. Ordered forward by Carr, Vandevers men attacked the Confederate lines but were forced back. As the afternoon wore on, Curtis continued to funnel units into the battle near Elkhorn, but Union troops were slowly pushed back. At 4:30, the Union position began to collapse and Carrs men retreated back past the tavern to Ruddicks Field about a quarter-mile to the south. Reinforcing this line, Curtis ordered a counterattack but it was halted due to darkness. As both sides endured a cold night, Curtis busily shifted the bulk of his army to the Elkhorn line and had his men resupplied. Reinforced by the remnants of McCullochs division, Van Dorn prepared to renew the assault in the morning. Early in the morning, Brigadier Franz Sigel, Curtis second-in-command, instructed Osterhaus to survey the farmland to the west of Elkhorn. In doing do, the colonel located a knoll from which Union artillery could strike the Confederate lines. Quickly moving 21 guns to the hill, Union gunners opened fire after 8:00 AM and drove back their Confederate counterparts before shifting their fire to the Southern infantry. As Union troops moved into attack positions around 9:30, Van Dorn was horrified to learn that his supply train and reserve artillery was six hours away due to a mistaken order. Realizing he could not win, Van Dorn began retreating east along the Huntsville Road. At 10:30, with the Confederates beginning to leave the field, Sigel led the Union left forward. Driving the Confederates back, they retook the area near the tavern around noon. With the last of the enemy retreating, the battle came to an end. Aftermath The Battle of Pea Ridge cost the Confederates approximately 2,000 casualties, while the Union suffered 203 killed, 980 wounded, and 201 missing. The victory effectively secured Missouri for the Union cause and ended the Confederate threat to the state. Pressing on, Curtis succeeded in taking Helena, AR in July. The Battle of Pea Ridge was one of the few battles where Confederate troops possessed a significant numerical advantage over the Union. Selected Sources CWSAC Battle Summaries: Battle of Pea RidgePea Ridge National Military ParkBattle of Pea Ridge Maps

The Should Not Get A Free Pass - 1311 Words

Considering the amount of pressure journalists are under these days, it’s foolish not to expect reporters and news organizations to compromise their values and breach ethical codes. The competition is too great. The demand for breaking news is too high. But by no means does that excuse journalists from acts of negligence and gross misconduct. It’s true that journalists and news organizations walk a moral tightrope, weighing the consequences of each of their decisions, but they still ought to be held accountable for their misdeeds. And even those at the top of the heap should not get a free pass. Such is the case with CNN host and syndicated columnist Fareed Zakaria. Zakaria was/is one of journalism’s brightest stars. He graduated from†¦show more content†¦Similar laws were passed in Texas, Florida, and Oklahoma. As the governor of Texas explained in 1893, the â€Å"mission of the concealed deadly weapon is murder. To check it is the duty of every self- respecting, law-abiding man. â€Å" -Jill Lepore, New Yorker â€Å"Adam Winkler, a professor of constitutional law at UCLA, documents the actual history in Gunfight: The Battle over the Right to Bear Arms in America. Guns were regulated in the U.S. from the earliest years of the Republic. Laws that banned the carrying of concealed weapons were passed in Kentucky and Louisiana in 1813. Other states soon followed: Indiana in 1820, Tennessee and Virginia in 1838, Alabama in 1839 and Ohio in 1859. Similar laws were passed in Texas, Florida and Oklahoma. As the governor of Texas (Texas!) explained in 1893, the â€Å"mission of the concealed deadly weapon is murder. To check it is the duty of every self-respecting, law-abiding man.† –Fareed Zakaria, Time Zakaria quickly apologized for the â€Å"terrible mistake†; and Time and CNN reinstated him, citing his â€Å"demanding† schedule. But the fact still remains that a journalist broke the covenant and took credit for someone else’s work. Should it matter that his name was Fareed Zakaria? All journalists are held to a certain standard; and the SPJ is very clear on the subject of plagiarism: â€Å"Never plagiarize.† Yet here is an example of two distinguished news organizations â€Å"cherry picking the rules of journalism† and overlooking theShow MoreRelatedThe Game of Basketball Essay731 Words   |  3 Pages Many sports were invented to pass time. Basketball, the game, was one of the greatest to ever be invented. Basketball is truly an American game. It is competitive and fun. This winter indoor game has become a very popular sport among all ages. Dr. James A. Naismith was born in Canada but invented the game of basketball in the United States. He invented basketball by using a rectangular backboard that is 6feet wide and 4feet high. 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Process Payroll Compensation and organizational

Question: Discuss about the Process Payroll for Compensation and organizational. Answer: Objective To record constant data of pay roll Activity Five parts documents Check payroll data Organizational staffs intend to check the payroll data in order to verify the accuracy of data that has been put in the payroll. Clarify discrepancies If the organizational employees consider any obscurity in the pay roll data, they have complete right to raise a question. Employee payroll detail An employee has every right to view the details of the salary sleep within the current pay period. In order to view the details of the pay roll, employees need to log in the system for entering into my portal and to select salary details. Calculate payment due to the individual employees The payment has been generally calculated as per the days of work of an individual employee. Standard pay and variation in terms of employee source of data Sometimes employees intend to put addition effort towards the organizational services Al-(Zoubi 2012). Business organizations like to collect the employee data based on which they like to provide a standard pay that is based on employee variation. Activity 2A: Objective To make a payroll within a stipulated time period Activity Organization background/ deadline of workplace in respect to the payroll preparation The Iconic is a retail business organization occupying a popular place in the realm of retail sector. More than 10 thousand employees are associated with this company. This particular organization likes to pay the remuneration to every individual on the first day of every month (Carr 2014). Therefore, the business organization likes to prepare the payroll every at the last day of month. Important information needed for making payroll Before making a payroll, the business authority needs to know some of the major factors that include: The days of work of employees Number of scheduled leaves Number of unscheduled leaves Case study based on employees data From an effective case study of The Iconic, it has been observed that one individual employee had to take two unscheduled leaves due to an emergency case (Cryder and Loewenstein 2012). Therefore, while making the payroll, business authority has counted those two leaves in the category of NPL (non-paid leave). Therefore, the salary would be deducted of this individual employee (Elson et al. 2012). If the employee is not interested to deduct the salary, this individual should information this to human resource managers. If it is considerable to human resource managers, they can adjust those two unscheduled leaves with casual leaves of next month (Gomez-Mejia, Berrone and Franco-Santos 2014). In that case, the salary is not deducted of that individual employee. Activity 2B: Objective To reconcile wages for the period of pay Activity Research the way Company reconcile wages The Iconic tends to maintain a fix salary. Every employee in every month has to meet a fix target. At least 70% targets have to be fulfilled by every employee. If an individual employee is unable to meet the monthly target, not even up to 70%, the authority decides to deduct the salary. In addition, employees are allowed to take two casual leave every month (Hodson and Jensen 2013). If they want more than two CL, they have to compromise their salary. Corrects the irregulation Every employee as well as employer has to follow some of the major regulations such as data protection act, health and safety act, anti-discrimination act, right to information act and so on (Jeong 2012). Both the employer and the employee can take an immediate action if those regulations have not been followed within the organization properly. The designated person to solve the issue Human resource managers and the accounts department have to take a major role in order to maintain the entire procedure of payroll (John, Loewenstein and Rick 2014). The human resource managers have to play the major role of making the employees pay slip. Based on the pay sleep, the accounts department plays the responsibility of calculating the salary of every individual employee one-by-one (Kumar and Pandya 2012). Arrangement for payment Before making the pay slip, the human resource managers intend to think on some of the major factors that include The total days of work of an individual employee The number of NPL taken in one single month The number of urgent leave taken in that month The number of casual leave Whether this individual employees is able to meet the monthly target or not If not, then how much target the employee has reached for that month Based on the ability to reach the target, the employees have to calculate how much deduction would be taken of that individual employee. Activity 2C: Objective To obtain payroll authorization as well as individual pay advice Activity Why is gaining the authorization important? Authorization provides long-term security to the employees. Before, involving with the business process, the employees tend to collect an in-depth knowledge about the organization (Lee and Won 2014). If the organization is not possessed with authorization, the employees tend to show their reluctance to join in such an insecure place. An authorized company always provides a job security to the employees (Leung et al. 2013). Employees do not have to spend their day in scares whether they would be able to survive or not. Authorization on the other hand helps to maintain the image of an organization (Meals 2014). If an employee is associated with a company, which is possessed with proper authority, they can get an assurance of surviving in the industry for a long time. How does the organization assure that the authorization is perfect? The structure of payroll and the trade license are the two major tools based on which the organization can demand themselves as an authorized one (Nayak, Sequeira and Senapati 2012). Firstly, if the company has a proper authority, the salary structure would be completely different from the mere organization (Park 2015). The employees would get the facilities of PF, ESI, medical insurance, yearly bonus, performance appraisal. Without being an authorized company, the employees would never be able to get those facilities and benefits. In addition, authorized companies always receive a government approval for maintaining their business in the industry. Based on that approval, the employees receive PF facilities (Quarter 2014). The Iconic is out-a-out an authorized company. The employees of The Iconic receive PF and ESI facilities. In every year, the employers intend to provide employee bonus in order to motivate them towards business and services. In addition, based on the two appraisal procedures, the employees get increments at the end of year. Increments are based on the performance of employees (Sanghavi 2014). Activity 2D: Objective To produce, check and store the payroll activity Activity What are the most important information that pay roll can include The most important information that payroll can include are as follows: Name of the employees Employees ID that has been provided by the authority Salary structure Company registration number Employees date of joining Employee code and so many Using the data of an employee, list the information that include in the payroll record The information that include in the payroll record are as follows: Total days of work of an individual employee The number of CL that the employee has taken for this particular month The number of NPL that an individual had to take for this month (if any) Total amount of salary The amount of salary deduction (if any) How will you like to store the information in terms of company procedure In order to store the employee information, the human resource managers tends to take a constant record or database within them. the Iconic being an online business shop believes in advanced technology (Satpathy 2012). With the help of advancement of technology, the human resource managers like to keep individual record of the employees (Scannell 2012). Human resource managers of The Iconic primarily concentrates on some of the major information that are as follows: Employee name and permanent address Employee contact number Employee e-mail ID An emergency number except the employee The address proof of employees Activity 2E Objective To follow security procedure for processing and maintaining payroll records Activity The information that have been short listed Record kept Reason for keeping the record The permanent address of the employees The designation based on which the employee is holding the chair The salary structure of the employee The productivity of that particular employee provided for the organizational services The number of appraisal that the employee has received from the organization The remuneration structure of the organization The additional benefits that business organizations tend to provide to the employees for the good performance Employees feedback about their satisfaction or dissatisfaction regarding the payroll policy provided by the company Human resource managers intend to collect the permanent address of every individual employee due to several reasons. If the employees need to call for any urgent case, the company can reach the residence of that individual employee. In addition, permanent address reflects the source of authenticity. By knowing the address, the HR managers can get a clear knowledge about the origin and source of that individual. Besides the name of every individual employee the HR managers tend to keep the record of designation in order to identify the person easily. In a professional field, personal relation or communication do not make any sense until the person is possessed with a proper designation at the workplace. Salary structure is highly important for recognizing the position of every individual employee. Based on the salary structure, the HR manager can distinguish the position of employees individually (Seto 2014). In a business organization, the employees who are holding a high position receive better salary structure than a normal employee. For an example, the salary structure of a financial manager is better than supervisor (Smith 2013). At the end of the month the business managers tend to keep a record of the productivity of the employees. Based on the productivity the performance levels of employees are judged. Therefore, keeping the records of productivity is must. The number of appraisal implies the overall performance of an individual employee (Strikalenko 2013). While working with an organization employee needs to perform well for getting promoted for a higher position. Therefore, appraisal is one of the most effective ways based on which the managers tend to review the employee performance (Swecker 2012). Remuneration structure is always been kept in a record in order to give the applicant a clear overview about the salary structure (Tanning and Tanning 2012). Before involving with a business organization, the employees need to know the salary structure that the company intends to provide them. Additional benefits are always kept on record in order to motivate the employees for further progress. The human resource managers like to highlight the previous records to the employees on how their organization has accepted and appreciated the efforts of their previous employees (Tanning and Tanning 2013). After listening this record, the new employees get motivated to perform well for the success of business (Trehan and Kushwaha 2012). After making an appraisal or any other session, the feedback of employees are kept recorded. As per the feedback received from the employees, the business organization likes to change their company strategy and policy. In order to render the success of a business organization, the performance of every individual employee is highly needed. Activity 3A: Objective To respond with the payroll enquires as per the organizational and legislation needs Activity Record an enquiry that has been dealt with Is this enquires are dealing via mail, telephone and fax machine Enquires are sent in several ways that include via mail, fax or telephone. The Iconic believes in ecommerce business process (Verrest 2013). Therefore, this particular organization is completely dependent on electronic communication. Mail is one of the most effective ways with the help of which both the employees and the managers tend to send or receive their various enquires. How the organizational legislation is influenced in response to this enquire The Iconic likes to maintain Zero tolerance policy with the organization effectively. With the help of this particular legislation, the employees cannot use any kind of abusive words while making any kind of enquiry to the upper position. On the other hand, business managers as well are bound to maintain zero tolerance policy (Wagner 2012). They do not have the right to make any personal attack or any abusive word to their junior employee both verbally or non-verbally. What is the procedures of making correspondence records and why? The primary procedure of making correspondence record is guiding the staffs regarding the external incoming and internal outgoing. The employees need to know the actual rule on how they should enter and how they should go outside the office (Xu and Zia 2012). In case of any emergence, the employee needs to follow some of the major rules and regulations followed by the company. After fulfilling those rules, this individual employee can go out before the time of departure. Was the information that has been provided helpful? In certain point of view, the information that has been provided is definitely helpful for both the company as well as for the organization. Employees need to know the company rules and regulations at the time of their performance at the workplace. On the other hand, in order to keep a constant control over the entire process of business, the organizational managers should collect each information that is relevant to the company. Activity 3B: Objective To ensure the enquires outside the area of responsibility Activity As per Australian privacy principles Who would be referred the enquire to if it was outside the area of responsibility? For the general business organization, human resource managers play the major role of controlling thee enquires received from the employees. However, apart from the area of responsibility, the person whom can be involved for maintaining all the enquires include business consultant. Every organization tends to follow the advice of a business consultant who is not linked with the organization directly. If the business consultants were suggested to handle those enquires, this individual would be able to provide a sound solution to the employees. Apart from a business consultant, the organization should never hand over this kind of responsibility to those persons who are outside the area of responsibility. How to make sure that the person dealing with the enquiry knew what they had to resolve The human resource managers of the organization like The Iconic tend to take this particular responsibility due to a valid reason. HR managers are primarily responsible for recruiting the employees. Therefore, HR managers are more comfortable to interact with those persons. On the other hand, employees feel comfortable to share their problem regarding the job profile at the workplace with the HR managers (Xu and Zia 2012). Therefore, the interpersonal bonding is itself very close that helps the managers for resolving the issue more casually. Skills and knowledge activities Objective To demonstrate the knowledge of foundation and skills and knowledge evidence and performance evidence Activity 1. Answer 1: Payroll calculation Name of the employee: Kathleen Mansfield Employee code: 3d0098 Date of joining: 09/01/2016 Total amount of salary 25,000$AUD No. of CL 2 No. of NPL 4 Salary deducted 3200$AUD Total salary 21,800$AUD 2. Three major types of payroll system include Online payroll system: With the help of online payroll service the company is able to provide the payroll detail within 24 hours from a secured browser. The pay roll maker can update the payroll by tracking the days of employee vacation. Online payroll process is more convenient than other systems now a day. In-house payroll system In case of small business organization, in-house payroll policy is primarily been followed. Managers do not have to use any updated software equipments in this case. Employees who are responsible for payroll tend to stay up to the date, changes payroll tax laws for accurate paying. In this kind of system, employees have to face lower security risks. Payroll service Payroll service likes to provide an expert who have an in-depth knowledge on the payroll tax and regulatory requirements. The Iconic primarily tends to follow online payroll system. Employees as well feel very much secured by getting their remuneration from online payroll system. As the money is transferred from a secured web browser, the employees do not have to be worried for leaking their data. Major activities Objective To demonstrate the knowledge of entire unite Activity 1. In my own organization, our human resource managers take the responsibility of maintaining the payroll database. We the employees have to provide our detail information including our address, bank account, IFTC code, the branch of bank and so on. The HR managers keep a record clearly. After that, they tend to make the salary slip as per my days of work and performance. The salary slip is then provided to the account section attached with the accounts details. 2. A particular situation had been raised when I did not get my complete salary at the end of the month. I had to take two urgent leaves for this particular month and the human resource managers have counted those days as non-paid. At the end of month, when my salary entered into my account I founded that they have deducted the amount of three days. I sent a formal mail addressing to the operational manager and human resource manager of my organization. They had taken an immediate step in this regard. They assured me to return rest of my salary within one week. I have to acknowledge that those people were able to return my salary within seven days. Reference List: Al-Zoubi, M.T., 2012. The shape of the relationship between salary and job satisfaction: A field study.Far East Journal of Psychology and Business,7(3), pp.1-12. Carr III, R., 2014. Another Failed Pickoff Attempt: The Latest Challenge to Major League Baseball's Antitrust Exemption.Ohio NUL Rev.,41, p.171. Cryder, C.E. and Loewenstein, G., 2012. Responsibility: The tie that binds.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,48(1), pp.441-445. Elson, R.J., O'Callaghan, S., Holland, P. and Walker, J.P., 2012. Internal control failures at the Pine Grove YMCA.Journal of the International Academy for Case Studies,18(1), p.65. Gomez-Mejia, L.R., Berrone, P. and Franco-Santos, M., 2014.Compensation and organizational performance: Theory, research, and practice. Routledge. Hodson, R. and Jensen, G.F., 2013. Conceptual foundations: insights from criminology and sociology of work.Deviant and criminal behavior in the workplace, p.10. Jeong, S., 2012. Right conclusion with weak evidence: a review of the failure of capitalist production. John, L.K., Loewenstein, G. and Rick, S.I., 2014. Cheating more for less: Upward social comparisons motivate the poorly compensated to cheat.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,123(2), pp.101-109. Kumar, D.M. and Pandya, S., 2012. Leveraging technology towards HR excellence.Information Management and Business Review,4(3), p.205. Lee, Y.J. and Won, D., 2014. Trailblazing women in academia: Representation of women in senior faculty and the gender gap in junior faculty's salaries in higher educational institutions.The Social Science Journal,51(3), pp.331-340. Leung, A., Kier, C., Fung, T., Fung, L. and Sproule, R., 2013. Searching for happiness: The importance of social capital. InThe exploration of happiness(pp. 247-267). Springer Netherlands. Meals, D.R., 2014. 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Spanish Castilian Empire Essay Example For Students

Spanish Castilian Empire Essay Why was it considered necessary for the Spanish Crown to justify and legitimise the conquest of the Americas and what arguments and means did it employ for this purpose?Every colonial country needs an idea to base its conquest and Spain was no different. The ideology behind the Spanish conquest of the Americas was the spread of Catholicism. This belief in the conversion of the Indians is what drove the Spanish to conquer, settle and govern the New World. The Castilians modeled their Catholic empire on the Holy Roman Empire of old. They viewed themselves as successors to the Romans. The Castilians regarded themselves as the superior race, who were on a divine mission to achieve a universal Catholic empire. The Castilians felt obligated to extend the faith and conveniently this proved to justify their colonisation of the Americas. They understood that by giving the natives the protection of the crown, they would lead a better life. This better life would also arise due to the absence of slavery and the spiritual guidance provided for those ignorant of Christianity. We will write a custom essay on Spanish Castilian Empire specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now If the spreading of the faith was the sole reason for the conquest of the Americas then we must understand how religion was spread. The devout Castilians wished Catholicism to dominate but seemingly they wanted a Spanish Catholic Empire more so. The conversions were mixed between preaching, reasoning, threats and force. This faade of converting the Americans subsequently allowed the Spanish an excuse for conquest and plunder. For them this was the perfect justification, almost as if God was instructing them to take control of these new lands and consequently strip them of their wealth. The Spanish Crown had great ecclesiastical power in the newly conquered kingdom. This again indicates that it was becoming more of evident that they were on a mission of conquest, not, spiritual enlightenment. These actions give the idea that the divine mission was the Castilian mentality for the justification of their actions and that their own higher mission was far more devious and self-profiting. The mission was no longer religious and had become economically driven. Following several Papal Bulls , Ferdinand begun collecting tithes in the Americas on behalf of the church. This form of taxation was justified by the need to finance the spread of Catholicism. Now the people were financing their own conversions under the guidance of both the Pope and the Spanish Crown. This money grabbing attitude proves the insincerity of the Spanish religious conquest. In my opinion the ideology of religious conversions as the basis of conquest is a sound idea considering the savagery of the natives religion. If this was without the force and mindless pillaging of the land, it would be a legitimate theory. In practice, it was completely different as the Castilians were lured by the obvious financial windfalls of conquest. The necessity to legitimise the conquest resolves around the difference between Royal ideology and the methods practiced by the colonists. The Castilian conquest was ideological but also consisted of many socio-economic aims. The Spanish justified their colonisation by apparently saving the natives from the blood rituals to the Gods. These rituals produced the blood which was mixed with cocoa to form a drink. This was then drunk by the priests to enhance clairvoyance. These actions were considered humane by the natives and the colonists were apparently saving them from such heinous acts of brutalism. Further justification arose from the Spanish substituting a diet of human flesh with that of beef, pork, chicken and mutton. In theory, the Castilians were creating a civilised race to compliment this they introduced European architecture and town planning to benefit the natives newfound civility. .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075 , .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075 .postImageUrl , .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075 , .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075:hover , .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075:visited , .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075:active { border:0!important; } .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075:active , .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075 .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Homeless in new york city winter EssayThe Castilians also considered themselves to be providing security and protection through their fortification of the colonies. Was this to protect Spanish or Amerindian interests? In truth it helped the natives but benefited the Spanish more as it provided stability which encouraged other colonists to travel to America. This policy of creating a civil society was further enhanced by the creation of Audencias and Cabildos who were answerable to the council of the Indies. This provided local governments for the Amerindians which enhanced their voyage towards a civil democratic society. This also gave the Castilians more control over

Summary of Stoicism

Summary of Stoicism Free Online Research Papers Stoicism is one of the most influential and important traditions of the Hellenistic world. The Stoic doctrine was taught by the first recognized Stoic, Zeno of Citium. He founded the school of Stoicism around c. 300 BC. at Athens and was significant throughout the Greco-Roman world until at least AD 200. This school produced a number of remarkable writers and personalities. Stoicism focused on freeing oneself of suffering through developing an understanding of natural law and involves improving the individuals’ spiritual well-being, along with overcoming destructive emotions. Stoicism’s prime directives are virtue, reason, and natural law. Stoics believe by mastering passions and emotions, it is possible to conquer the disagreement of the outside world and find peace within oneself. The Stoics define philosophy as a practice or exercise in concerning only what is beneficial to their way of life. For the Stoics, nothing passes unexplained. There is a reason for everything in nature and they live constantly with nature. Stoics considered that through any stage of development it was God who molded and dominated passive matter in term of â€Å"progress†. They believed that the Law of Nature was God’s material presence in the Universe and he is also the reason and soul behind animate creation. The Stoics concluded, only by putting aside passion, unjust thoughts, and indulgence and by performing what you have to do with the right nature; people can achieve true freedom and rule as lords over their own lives. Cites ? The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright  © 2001-05 Columbia University Press. www.bartleby.com/Stoicism. ? Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Copyright  © 2004 by The Gale Group, Inc. www.answers.com/Stoicism ? en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicism ? plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism ? www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stoicism.htm Research Papers on Summary of StoicismComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThree Concepts of PsychodynamicResearch Process Part OneCapital PunishmentUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresGenetic EngineeringThe Spring and AutumnEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Basant A Lost Festival Of Lahore English Literature Essay

Basant A Lost Festival Of Lahore English Literature Essay Basant, an event that marks the coming of spring, an event that would bring together people from all walks of life, an event that would cover the sky with colors, an event that would spread happiness ubiquitously. It was celebrated with a lot of vigor, passion and enthusiasm in Punjab, but unfortunately this vibrant and full of cheerfulness festival is becoming more of an historic event due to some unwise acts on part of illiterate, ignorant and reckless citizens. The ignorance of few has snatched away the happiness of million others and deprived the country of a great cultural festival. Basant is a centuries old cultural tradition of Punjab. Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs, all alike, celebrated it with great joy and gusto. Yellow is the color of the day as it depicts the blossoming spring flowers and the yellow mustard fields of Punjab. Girls would wear yellow saris and dupattas whereas boys would include yellow turbans in their clothing. There are no barriers of religions or different socio-economic class; everyone would get together and praise the day. Girls would get on the swings and sing the customary Basant songs that reflected the liveliness and romance of life in Punjab. Kite-flying was one of the main activities on the day and there would be competitions among people to cut loose others’ kites. There cant be a better place to celebrate this day than the cultural and historic capital of Punjab, Lahore. It is also known as extremely festive and the most happening city of Pakistan. During the February of almost every year the sky above Lahore is filled with colorful kites during daytime and with white kites at night. Words like Booo Kata, Patang, Pecha, Pinna and Charkhi can be heard almost everywhere. Music and dance is everywhere and the air is filled with the aroma of intoxicating traditional food. Everyone is involved in this festival and all enjoy the spectacle of hundreds of multi-colored kites filling the sky above their beloved city of Lahore heralding the coming of a new spring. In the early days Basant was confined to the old-walled city, however over recent past it has spread to far corners of the city as well. People from different places celebrate this day in their unique style; some do it by flying kites while others get together and enjoy traditional food and bhangra music. While I was researching about Basant in Gwalmandi (area near old food street), I interviewed this young lad about the age of 15. I asked him what do you know about basant. He replied..† jab hum patangein uratay hein..† (the day when we fly kites). When I asked him about his preparations for that day, I was surprised to hear about his passion. He told me that he would start saving money from his pocket money 2-3 months before Basant. He would use those savings to buy kites and strings and collect them until the day of Basant. It is celebrated with great joy in Lahore, as Daily Times states:

Multiculturalism Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Multiculturalism - Term Paper Example The political and demographic aspect of Multiculturalism has received a considerably high level of importance in society today. This refers to the diversity of two or more cultures in the same region or country (Kymlicka, 2012). A comparative analysis and evaluation of various countries policies on immigration shows a clear disparity in terms of level of acceptance and recognition of the minority immigrant community by the natives. Europe still lags behind in terms of adjusting their rules to accommodate immigrants among themselves and treat them as equal in terms of socio-cultural and political rights and privileges. United States has been promoting a similar cultural diversification campaign but is yet to fully realize its efforts. Canada is at the center of multiculturalism debate due to its popular positive approach that stands out in terms of global cultural tolerance rating. Today, the world experiences the highest level of globalization, thus people from different cultures hav e been forced to interact and live together. For this reason, multiculturalism remains an important aspect in the 21st Century. This proposal explores the aspect of multiculturalism and its importance in society today. It takes a particular look at the case of Canada where this social concept has gained much prominence and highest comparative unity. The political input into the issue within urban centers in Canada gives an insight into the positive contribution of multiculturalism in the society. Although there are four aspects of multiculturalism i.e. demographic, prescriptive, holistic, and political, we narrow it down to a specific case to exhaust the factors surrounding its applicability. This proposal will first explore the meaning of multiculturalism in broad terms. This is important, as different people have assigned meaning to this term, based on different principles. However, it will be core to understand multiculturalism as being grounded in

Surviving a Patrol Strike Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Surviving a Patrol Strike - Case Study Example However, linear regression requires that one of the two variables be fixed, which is possible in the current scenario. The yellow line (for fines) is fairly easy to deal with. If we eliminate the artificial blip of Christmas week and strike the clear outlier (Week 8) from the data, a trend appears. Smoothing would eliminate the faster spike right before Christmas, as well as the blip for the week when there were no fines, because of no enforcement. Over time, the car-park's traffic appears to be continuing to rise, even figuring in the seasonal effects of the Christmas shopping rush. This increase is leading to significantly higher revenues for parking fees in the weeks leading up to Christmas. However, both the higher changes in the weeks before Christmas and the lower results after Christmas do not suggest a business in trouble: instead they suggest a business that is in a highly competitive industry, City Centre Car-Park's market share appears to be growing, even if we smooth out the increases associated with the larger number of Christmastime shoppers. As will happen occasionally in the labor market, the staff who are responsible for operating the car park have threatened to walk off the job after week 23. Because this staff is responsible for making sure the self-pay machines are locked and for patrolling the lot and issuing fines, this could have a significant effect on the car-park's revenues. While it is likely that people would still pay the machines, the question of enforcement and collection would be a sticky one. It is possible to use time-series analysis to figure out the approximate effect of such a walkout on the revenues of the car-park. The fundamental assumption of time series analysis is that the data being considered contain a systematic pattern, interrupted by error, or random noise, which can make the pattern difficult to find. Successful time-series analysis takes the random noise out of the situation as much as possible. The majority of time-series patterns consist of one of two basic types: trend and seasonality. Trend refers to a linear or nonlinear component that undergoes change over time and does not repeat within the time utilized by the model. Seasonality is a smaller version of trend, because it represents a cycle that repeats itself within the time utilized by the model. A set of data may contain both trend of seasonality. A common example would be retail sales, which may grow from year to year but may also be easily predicted to spike around the Christmas season within each year (Time Series Analysis 2002). While there is no established or proven way to find trend components within a set of time-series data, trends are fairly simple to identify, as long as they consistently move in one direction or another. When a set of data is considered to contain a significant amount of error, though, the first step is to try a process called "smoothing." This consists of averaging data within the set with the goal of canceling out the individual data that do not fit within the existing system. The most common way that smoothing occurs involves moving average smoothing. In this technique, each item of data in a series is replaced by the simple or weighted average of n surrounding pieces of data, where n is defined as the width of the "window" used for

Outcome Based Education Essay -- Conventional Education

Outcome-Based Education is a basic distinct from conventional education and involved the full support of all components of the school society, include educators, stakeholders who do not distribute a general understanding of its meaning. It is truly the result of linkages together and refining many of the educational models that had come before. With OBE, students focus on what is to be learned, by knowing in advance the outcomes. They are encouraged to develop conceptual understanding, to develop skill wise and to develop values and positive attitudes contrary to the previous curriculum that emphasized factual recall that resulted into rote learning of unconnected â€Å"facts†. Therefore, in this paper, I would have to express the following important points: Definition, form of OBE, OBE in several countries, and its’ Model. There are many explanations that have been explained by the experts about the definition of Outcomes-Based Education. They have a different point of view about it, even the objectives were similar. The expression below, explained the definition of it: 1. O’Neil (1993) said that Outcome-Based Education calls for determining the skills, knowledge, and habits of mind that students should be able to demonstrate in order to prepare for life after graduation. Moreover, O’Neil (1994) divide OBE in to two levels, namely in the one level, OBE states that decisions about curriculum and instruction should be driven by the outcome children should display at the end of their educational experience. And the next level, policy makers increasingly talk about creating an outcome-driven education system that would redefine traditional approaches to accountability. 2. Zlato (1993) defines OBE as a philosophy that all children... ...lls or competence are very important for the student’s be made. 3. Transformational, in this term the outcome of education will be drive from the academic real to the authentic life and students shall get an experience when they graduate. Spady and Marshall (1992) explained in contrast to the current educational system and traditional OBE by incorporates all four principle into its design, namely: (1) Clear focus on significant outcomes, all facets of the program are aligned to achieve the exit outcome; (2) Design-down Process from Outcomes, ensure that the goals are the primary focus; (3) Emphasis is success for All, which mean that all student are to accomplish high performance levels over time and are given credit for them; and (4) Extended time and support, all students are assured additional time and help so they can be successful in demonstrating outcomes. Outcome Based Education Essay -- Conventional Education Outcome-Based Education is a basic distinct from conventional education and involved the full support of all components of the school society, include educators, stakeholders who do not distribute a general understanding of its meaning. It is truly the result of linkages together and refining many of the educational models that had come before. With OBE, students focus on what is to be learned, by knowing in advance the outcomes. They are encouraged to develop conceptual understanding, to develop skill wise and to develop values and positive attitudes contrary to the previous curriculum that emphasized factual recall that resulted into rote learning of unconnected â€Å"facts†. Therefore, in this paper, I would have to express the following important points: Definition, form of OBE, OBE in several countries, and its’ Model. There are many explanations that have been explained by the experts about the definition of Outcomes-Based Education. They have a different point of view about it, even the objectives were similar. The expression below, explained the definition of it: 1. O’Neil (1993) said that Outcome-Based Education calls for determining the skills, knowledge, and habits of mind that students should be able to demonstrate in order to prepare for life after graduation. Moreover, O’Neil (1994) divide OBE in to two levels, namely in the one level, OBE states that decisions about curriculum and instruction should be driven by the outcome children should display at the end of their educational experience. And the next level, policy makers increasingly talk about creating an outcome-driven education system that would redefine traditional approaches to accountability. 2. Zlato (1993) defines OBE as a philosophy that all children... ...lls or competence are very important for the student’s be made. 3. Transformational, in this term the outcome of education will be drive from the academic real to the authentic life and students shall get an experience when they graduate. Spady and Marshall (1992) explained in contrast to the current educational system and traditional OBE by incorporates all four principle into its design, namely: (1) Clear focus on significant outcomes, all facets of the program are aligned to achieve the exit outcome; (2) Design-down Process from Outcomes, ensure that the goals are the primary focus; (3) Emphasis is success for All, which mean that all student are to accomplish high performance levels over time and are given credit for them; and (4) Extended time and support, all students are assured additional time and help so they can be successful in demonstrating outcomes.