Battle of Pea Ridge in the Civil War

The Battle of Pea Ridge was fought March 7 to 8, 1862, and was an early engagement of the American Civil War (1861 to 1865). Armies Commanders Union Brigadier General Samuel R. Curtis10,500 men Confederate Major General Earl Van Dorn16,000 men Background In the wake of the disaster at Wilsons Creek in August 1861, Union forces in Missouri were reorganized into the Army of the Southwest. Numbering around 10,500, this command was given to Brigadier General Samuel R. Curtis with orders to push the Confederates out of the state. Despite their victory, the Confederates also altered their command structure as Major General Sterling Price and Brigadier General Benjamin McCulloch had shown an unwillingness to cooperate. To keep the peace, Major General Earl Van Dorn was given command of the Military District of the Trans-Mississippi and oversight of the Army of the West. Pressing south into northwest Arkansas in early 1862, Curtis established his army in a strong position facing south along Little Sugar Creek. Expecting a Confederate attack from that direction, his men began emplacing artillery and fortifying their position. Moving north with 16,000 men, Van Dorn hoped to destroy Curtis force and open the way to capture St. Louis. Eager to destroy outlying Union garrisons near Curtis base at Little Sugar Creek, Van Dorn led his men on a three-day forced march through severe winter weather. Moving to Attack Reaching Bentonville, they failed to capture a Union force under Brigadier General Franz Sigel on March 6. Though his men were exhausted and he had outrun his supply train, Van Dorn began formulating an ambitious plan to assault Curtis army. Dividing his army in two, Van Dorn intended to march north of the Union position and strike Curtis from the rear on March 7. Van Dorn planned to lead one column east along a road known as the Bentonville Detour which ran along the north edge of Pea Ridge. After clearing the ridge they would turn south along the Telegraph Road and occupy the area around Elkhorn Tavern. McCullochs Defeat The other column, led by McCulloch, was to skirt the western edge of Pea Ridge then turn east to join with Van Dorn and Price at the tavern. Reunited, the combined Confederate force would attack south to strike at the rear of the Union lines along Little Sugar Creek. While Curtis did not anticipate this type of envelopment, he did take the precaution of having trees felled across the Bentonville Detour. Delays slowed both Confederate columns and by dawn, Union scouts had detected both threats. Though still believing that Van Dorns main body was to the south, Curtis began shifting troops to block the threats. Due to the delays, Van Dorn issued instructions for McCulloch to reach Elkhorn by taking the Ford Road from Twelve Corner Church. As McCullochs men marched along the road, they encountered Union troops near the village of Leetown. Dispatched by Curtis, this was a mixed infantry-cavalry force led by Colonel Peter J. Osterhaus. Though badly outnumbered, the Union troops immediately attacked around 11:30 AM. Wheeling his men south, McCulloch counterattacked and pushed Osterhaus men back through a belt of timber. Reconnoitering the enemy lines, McCulloch encountered a group of Union skirmishers and was killed. As confusion began to reign in the Confederate lines, McCullochs second-in-command, Brigadier General James McIntosh, led a charge forward and was also killed. Unaware that he was now the senior officer on the field, Colonel Louis HÃ ©bert attacked the Confederate left, while the regiments on the right remained in place awaiting orders. This assault was halted by the timely arrival of a Union division under Colonel Jefferson C. Davis. Though outnumbered, they turned the tables on the Southerners and captured HÃ ©bert later in the afternoon. With confusion in the ranks, Brigadier General Albert Pike assumed command around 3:00 (shortly before HÃ ©berts capture) and led those troops near him in a retreat north. Several hours later, with Colonel Elkanah Greer in command, many of these troops joined the rest of the army at Cross Timber Hollow near Elkhorn Tavern. On the other side of the battlefield, fighting began around 9:30 when the lead elements of Van Dorns column encountered Union infantry in Cross Timber Hollow. Sent north by Curtis, Colonel Grenville Dodges brigade of Colonel Eugene Carrs 4th Division soon moved into a blocking position. Van Dorn Held Rather than pressing forward and overwhelming Dodges small command, Van Dorn and Price paused to fully deploy their troops. Over the next several hours, Dodge was able to hold his position and was reinforced at 12:30 by Colonel William Vandevers brigade. Ordered forward by Carr, Vandevers men attacked the Confederate lines but were forced back. As the afternoon wore on, Curtis continued to funnel units into the battle near Elkhorn, but Union troops were slowly pushed back. At 4:30, the Union position began to collapse and Carrs men retreated back past the tavern to Ruddicks Field about a quarter-mile to the south. Reinforcing this line, Curtis ordered a counterattack but it was halted due to darkness. As both sides endured a cold night, Curtis busily shifted the bulk of his army to the Elkhorn line and had his men resupplied. Reinforced by the remnants of McCullochs division, Van Dorn prepared to renew the assault in the morning. Early in the morning, Brigadier Franz Sigel, Curtis second-in-command, instructed Osterhaus to survey the farmland to the west of Elkhorn. In doing do, the colonel located a knoll from which Union artillery could strike the Confederate lines. Quickly moving 21 guns to the hill, Union gunners opened fire after 8:00 AM and drove back their Confederate counterparts before shifting their fire to the Southern infantry. As Union troops moved into attack positions around 9:30, Van Dorn was horrified to learn that his supply train and reserve artillery was six hours away due to a mistaken order. Realizing he could not win, Van Dorn began retreating east along the Huntsville Road. At 10:30, with the Confederates beginning to leave the field, Sigel led the Union left forward. Driving the Confederates back, they retook the area near the tavern around noon. With the last of the enemy retreating, the battle came to an end. Aftermath The Battle of Pea Ridge cost the Confederates approximately 2,000 casualties, while the Union suffered 203 killed, 980 wounded, and 201 missing. The victory effectively secured Missouri for the Union cause and ended the Confederate threat to the state. Pressing on, Curtis succeeded in taking Helena, AR in July. The Battle of Pea Ridge was one of the few battles where Confederate troops possessed a significant numerical advantage over the Union. Selected Sources CWSAC Battle Summaries: Battle of Pea RidgePea Ridge National Military ParkBattle of Pea Ridge Maps

The Should Not Get A Free Pass - 1311 Words

Considering the amount of pressure journalists are under these days, it’s foolish not to expect reporters and news organizations to compromise their values and breach ethical codes. The competition is too great. The demand for breaking news is too high. But by no means does that excuse journalists from acts of negligence and gross misconduct. It’s true that journalists and news organizations walk a moral tightrope, weighing the consequences of each of their decisions, but they still ought to be held accountable for their misdeeds. And even those at the top of the heap should not get a free pass. Such is the case with CNN host and syndicated columnist Fareed Zakaria. Zakaria was/is one of journalism’s brightest stars. He graduated from†¦show more content†¦Similar laws were passed in Texas, Florida, and Oklahoma. As the governor of Texas explained in 1893, the â€Å"mission of the concealed deadly weapon is murder. To check it is the duty of every self- respecting, law-abiding man. â€Å" -Jill Lepore, New Yorker â€Å"Adam Winkler, a professor of constitutional law at UCLA, documents the actual history in Gunfight: The Battle over the Right to Bear Arms in America. Guns were regulated in the U.S. from the earliest years of the Republic. Laws that banned the carrying of concealed weapons were passed in Kentucky and Louisiana in 1813. Other states soon followed: Indiana in 1820, Tennessee and Virginia in 1838, Alabama in 1839 and Ohio in 1859. Similar laws were passed in Texas, Florida and Oklahoma. As the governor of Texas (Texas!) explained in 1893, the â€Å"mission of the concealed deadly weapon is murder. To check it is the duty of every self-respecting, law-abiding man.† –Fareed Zakaria, Time Zakaria quickly apologized for the â€Å"terrible mistake†; and Time and CNN reinstated him, citing his â€Å"demanding† schedule. But the fact still remains that a journalist broke the covenant and took credit for someone else’s work. Should it matter that his name was Fareed Zakaria? All journalists are held to a certain standard; and the SPJ is very clear on the subject of plagiarism: â€Å"Never plagiarize.† Yet here is an example of two distinguished news organizations â€Å"cherry picking the rules of journalism† and overlooking theShow MoreRelatedThe Game of Basketball Essay731 Words   |  3 Pages Many sports were invented to pass time. Basketball, the game, was one of the greatest to ever be invented. Basketball is truly an American game. It is competitive and fun. This winter indoor game has become a very popular sport among all ages. Dr. James A. Naismith was born in Canada but invented the game of basketball in the United States. He invented basketball by using a rectangular backboard that is 6feet wide and 4feet high. 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Process Payroll Compensation and organizational

Question: Discuss about the Process Payroll for Compensation and organizational. Answer: Objective To record constant data of pay roll Activity Five parts documents Check payroll data Organizational staffs intend to check the payroll data in order to verify the accuracy of data that has been put in the payroll. Clarify discrepancies If the organizational employees consider any obscurity in the pay roll data, they have complete right to raise a question. Employee payroll detail An employee has every right to view the details of the salary sleep within the current pay period. In order to view the details of the pay roll, employees need to log in the system for entering into my portal and to select salary details. Calculate payment due to the individual employees The payment has been generally calculated as per the days of work of an individual employee. Standard pay and variation in terms of employee source of data Sometimes employees intend to put addition effort towards the organizational services Al-(Zoubi 2012). Business organizations like to collect the employee data based on which they like to provide a standard pay that is based on employee variation. Activity 2A: Objective To make a payroll within a stipulated time period Activity Organization background/ deadline of workplace in respect to the payroll preparation The Iconic is a retail business organization occupying a popular place in the realm of retail sector. More than 10 thousand employees are associated with this company. This particular organization likes to pay the remuneration to every individual on the first day of every month (Carr 2014). Therefore, the business organization likes to prepare the payroll every at the last day of month. Important information needed for making payroll Before making a payroll, the business authority needs to know some of the major factors that include: The days of work of employees Number of scheduled leaves Number of unscheduled leaves Case study based on employees data From an effective case study of The Iconic, it has been observed that one individual employee had to take two unscheduled leaves due to an emergency case (Cryder and Loewenstein 2012). Therefore, while making the payroll, business authority has counted those two leaves in the category of NPL (non-paid leave). Therefore, the salary would be deducted of this individual employee (Elson et al. 2012). If the employee is not interested to deduct the salary, this individual should information this to human resource managers. If it is considerable to human resource managers, they can adjust those two unscheduled leaves with casual leaves of next month (Gomez-Mejia, Berrone and Franco-Santos 2014). In that case, the salary is not deducted of that individual employee. Activity 2B: Objective To reconcile wages for the period of pay Activity Research the way Company reconcile wages The Iconic tends to maintain a fix salary. Every employee in every month has to meet a fix target. At least 70% targets have to be fulfilled by every employee. If an individual employee is unable to meet the monthly target, not even up to 70%, the authority decides to deduct the salary. In addition, employees are allowed to take two casual leave every month (Hodson and Jensen 2013). If they want more than two CL, they have to compromise their salary. Corrects the irregulation Every employee as well as employer has to follow some of the major regulations such as data protection act, health and safety act, anti-discrimination act, right to information act and so on (Jeong 2012). Both the employer and the employee can take an immediate action if those regulations have not been followed within the organization properly. The designated person to solve the issue Human resource managers and the accounts department have to take a major role in order to maintain the entire procedure of payroll (John, Loewenstein and Rick 2014). The human resource managers have to play the major role of making the employees pay slip. Based on the pay sleep, the accounts department plays the responsibility of calculating the salary of every individual employee one-by-one (Kumar and Pandya 2012). Arrangement for payment Before making the pay slip, the human resource managers intend to think on some of the major factors that include The total days of work of an individual employee The number of NPL taken in one single month The number of urgent leave taken in that month The number of casual leave Whether this individual employees is able to meet the monthly target or not If not, then how much target the employee has reached for that month Based on the ability to reach the target, the employees have to calculate how much deduction would be taken of that individual employee. Activity 2C: Objective To obtain payroll authorization as well as individual pay advice Activity Why is gaining the authorization important? Authorization provides long-term security to the employees. Before, involving with the business process, the employees tend to collect an in-depth knowledge about the organization (Lee and Won 2014). If the organization is not possessed with authorization, the employees tend to show their reluctance to join in such an insecure place. An authorized company always provides a job security to the employees (Leung et al. 2013). Employees do not have to spend their day in scares whether they would be able to survive or not. Authorization on the other hand helps to maintain the image of an organization (Meals 2014). If an employee is associated with a company, which is possessed with proper authority, they can get an assurance of surviving in the industry for a long time. How does the organization assure that the authorization is perfect? The structure of payroll and the trade license are the two major tools based on which the organization can demand themselves as an authorized one (Nayak, Sequeira and Senapati 2012). Firstly, if the company has a proper authority, the salary structure would be completely different from the mere organization (Park 2015). The employees would get the facilities of PF, ESI, medical insurance, yearly bonus, performance appraisal. Without being an authorized company, the employees would never be able to get those facilities and benefits. In addition, authorized companies always receive a government approval for maintaining their business in the industry. Based on that approval, the employees receive PF facilities (Quarter 2014). The Iconic is out-a-out an authorized company. The employees of The Iconic receive PF and ESI facilities. In every year, the employers intend to provide employee bonus in order to motivate them towards business and services. In addition, based on the two appraisal procedures, the employees get increments at the end of year. Increments are based on the performance of employees (Sanghavi 2014). Activity 2D: Objective To produce, check and store the payroll activity Activity What are the most important information that pay roll can include The most important information that payroll can include are as follows: Name of the employees Employees ID that has been provided by the authority Salary structure Company registration number Employees date of joining Employee code and so many Using the data of an employee, list the information that include in the payroll record The information that include in the payroll record are as follows: Total days of work of an individual employee The number of CL that the employee has taken for this particular month The number of NPL that an individual had to take for this month (if any) Total amount of salary The amount of salary deduction (if any) How will you like to store the information in terms of company procedure In order to store the employee information, the human resource managers tends to take a constant record or database within them. the Iconic being an online business shop believes in advanced technology (Satpathy 2012). With the help of advancement of technology, the human resource managers like to keep individual record of the employees (Scannell 2012). Human resource managers of The Iconic primarily concentrates on some of the major information that are as follows: Employee name and permanent address Employee contact number Employee e-mail ID An emergency number except the employee The address proof of employees Activity 2E Objective To follow security procedure for processing and maintaining payroll records Activity The information that have been short listed Record kept Reason for keeping the record The permanent address of the employees The designation based on which the employee is holding the chair The salary structure of the employee The productivity of that particular employee provided for the organizational services The number of appraisal that the employee has received from the organization The remuneration structure of the organization The additional benefits that business organizations tend to provide to the employees for the good performance Employees feedback about their satisfaction or dissatisfaction regarding the payroll policy provided by the company Human resource managers intend to collect the permanent address of every individual employee due to several reasons. If the employees need to call for any urgent case, the company can reach the residence of that individual employee. In addition, permanent address reflects the source of authenticity. By knowing the address, the HR managers can get a clear knowledge about the origin and source of that individual. Besides the name of every individual employee the HR managers tend to keep the record of designation in order to identify the person easily. In a professional field, personal relation or communication do not make any sense until the person is possessed with a proper designation at the workplace. Salary structure is highly important for recognizing the position of every individual employee. Based on the salary structure, the HR manager can distinguish the position of employees individually (Seto 2014). In a business organization, the employees who are holding a high position receive better salary structure than a normal employee. For an example, the salary structure of a financial manager is better than supervisor (Smith 2013). At the end of the month the business managers tend to keep a record of the productivity of the employees. Based on the productivity the performance levels of employees are judged. Therefore, keeping the records of productivity is must. The number of appraisal implies the overall performance of an individual employee (Strikalenko 2013). While working with an organization employee needs to perform well for getting promoted for a higher position. Therefore, appraisal is one of the most effective ways based on which the managers tend to review the employee performance (Swecker 2012). Remuneration structure is always been kept in a record in order to give the applicant a clear overview about the salary structure (Tanning and Tanning 2012). Before involving with a business organization, the employees need to know the salary structure that the company intends to provide them. Additional benefits are always kept on record in order to motivate the employees for further progress. The human resource managers like to highlight the previous records to the employees on how their organization has accepted and appreciated the efforts of their previous employees (Tanning and Tanning 2013). After listening this record, the new employees get motivated to perform well for the success of business (Trehan and Kushwaha 2012). After making an appraisal or any other session, the feedback of employees are kept recorded. As per the feedback received from the employees, the business organization likes to change their company strategy and policy. In order to render the success of a business organization, the performance of every individual employee is highly needed. Activity 3A: Objective To respond with the payroll enquires as per the organizational and legislation needs Activity Record an enquiry that has been dealt with Is this enquires are dealing via mail, telephone and fax machine Enquires are sent in several ways that include via mail, fax or telephone. The Iconic believes in ecommerce business process (Verrest 2013). Therefore, this particular organization is completely dependent on electronic communication. Mail is one of the most effective ways with the help of which both the employees and the managers tend to send or receive their various enquires. How the organizational legislation is influenced in response to this enquire The Iconic likes to maintain Zero tolerance policy with the organization effectively. With the help of this particular legislation, the employees cannot use any kind of abusive words while making any kind of enquiry to the upper position. On the other hand, business managers as well are bound to maintain zero tolerance policy (Wagner 2012). They do not have the right to make any personal attack or any abusive word to their junior employee both verbally or non-verbally. What is the procedures of making correspondence records and why? The primary procedure of making correspondence record is guiding the staffs regarding the external incoming and internal outgoing. The employees need to know the actual rule on how they should enter and how they should go outside the office (Xu and Zia 2012). In case of any emergence, the employee needs to follow some of the major rules and regulations followed by the company. After fulfilling those rules, this individual employee can go out before the time of departure. Was the information that has been provided helpful? In certain point of view, the information that has been provided is definitely helpful for both the company as well as for the organization. Employees need to know the company rules and regulations at the time of their performance at the workplace. On the other hand, in order to keep a constant control over the entire process of business, the organizational managers should collect each information that is relevant to the company. Activity 3B: Objective To ensure the enquires outside the area of responsibility Activity As per Australian privacy principles Who would be referred the enquire to if it was outside the area of responsibility? For the general business organization, human resource managers play the major role of controlling thee enquires received from the employees. However, apart from the area of responsibility, the person whom can be involved for maintaining all the enquires include business consultant. Every organization tends to follow the advice of a business consultant who is not linked with the organization directly. If the business consultants were suggested to handle those enquires, this individual would be able to provide a sound solution to the employees. Apart from a business consultant, the organization should never hand over this kind of responsibility to those persons who are outside the area of responsibility. How to make sure that the person dealing with the enquiry knew what they had to resolve The human resource managers of the organization like The Iconic tend to take this particular responsibility due to a valid reason. HR managers are primarily responsible for recruiting the employees. Therefore, HR managers are more comfortable to interact with those persons. On the other hand, employees feel comfortable to share their problem regarding the job profile at the workplace with the HR managers (Xu and Zia 2012). Therefore, the interpersonal bonding is itself very close that helps the managers for resolving the issue more casually. Skills and knowledge activities Objective To demonstrate the knowledge of foundation and skills and knowledge evidence and performance evidence Activity 1. Answer 1: Payroll calculation Name of the employee: Kathleen Mansfield Employee code: 3d0098 Date of joining: 09/01/2016 Total amount of salary 25,000$AUD No. of CL 2 No. of NPL 4 Salary deducted 3200$AUD Total salary 21,800$AUD 2. Three major types of payroll system include Online payroll system: With the help of online payroll service the company is able to provide the payroll detail within 24 hours from a secured browser. The pay roll maker can update the payroll by tracking the days of employee vacation. Online payroll process is more convenient than other systems now a day. In-house payroll system In case of small business organization, in-house payroll policy is primarily been followed. Managers do not have to use any updated software equipments in this case. Employees who are responsible for payroll tend to stay up to the date, changes payroll tax laws for accurate paying. In this kind of system, employees have to face lower security risks. Payroll service Payroll service likes to provide an expert who have an in-depth knowledge on the payroll tax and regulatory requirements. The Iconic primarily tends to follow online payroll system. Employees as well feel very much secured by getting their remuneration from online payroll system. As the money is transferred from a secured web browser, the employees do not have to be worried for leaking their data. Major activities Objective To demonstrate the knowledge of entire unite Activity 1. In my own organization, our human resource managers take the responsibility of maintaining the payroll database. We the employees have to provide our detail information including our address, bank account, IFTC code, the branch of bank and so on. The HR managers keep a record clearly. After that, they tend to make the salary slip as per my days of work and performance. The salary slip is then provided to the account section attached with the accounts details. 2. A particular situation had been raised when I did not get my complete salary at the end of the month. I had to take two urgent leaves for this particular month and the human resource managers have counted those days as non-paid. At the end of month, when my salary entered into my account I founded that they have deducted the amount of three days. I sent a formal mail addressing to the operational manager and human resource manager of my organization. They had taken an immediate step in this regard. They assured me to return rest of my salary within one week. I have to acknowledge that those people were able to return my salary within seven days. Reference List: Al-Zoubi, M.T., 2012. 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